Tribal Wisdom: The Importance of Reciprocity in Traditional Societies
1. Introduction
In his essay “Tribal Wisdom”, David Maybury-Lewis distinguishes between two types of societies: traditional and modern. He argues that traditional societies are characterized by a sense of reciprocity, while modern society is characterized by individualism and isolation.
2. Traditional Societies
Traditional societies are based on the principle of reciprocity. This means that people help each other because they know that they will receive help in return. This creates a strong sense of community, as people feel obliged to help each other.
Maybury-Lewis gives the example of the !Kung people of the Kalahari Desert. The !Kung are a nomadic people who have to walk long distances to find food and water. They help each other with hunting and gathering, as well as with childcare. This is because they know that they will receive help in return when they need it.
The sense of reciprocity in traditional societies also extends to the natural world. The !Kung believe that everything in the world is connected and has a spirit. They therefore treat animals and plants with respect, knowing that they too are part of the community.
3. Modern Society
In contrast to traditional societies, modern society is characterized by individualism and isolation. People tend to help only those who are close to them, such as family members or friends. They are less likely to help strangers, as they do not expect anything in return.
Maybury-Lewis argues that this individualism is a result of the way we live in modern society. We live in cities, where we do not know our neighbors. We work long hours, which leaves us little time to socialize with others. And we are bombarded with advertising that tells us to buy things that we do not need.
All of these factors contribute to a feeling of isolation and loneliness in modern society. People no longer feel part of a community, but rather isolated individuals competing with each other.
4. Reciprocity
Maybury-Lewis argues that reciprocity is the key to creating a harmonious society. When people help each other, they create a sense of community and belonging. In contrast, when people only think about themselves, they create a society full of conflict and competition.
5. Global Vision
Maybury-Lewis argues that traditional societies have a global vision, while modern society has a narrow perspective. Traditional societies see the world as interconnected and interdependent, while modern society sees the world as separate and independent entities.
6. The State
Finally, Maybury-Lewis argues that the state is another important factor that contributes to the differences between traditional and modern society. Traditional societies are often organized around kinship groups, while modern states are organized around territorial boundaries. This means that traditional societies often have a stronger sense of community than modern states.
7. Conclusion
In conclusion, Maybury-Lewis argues that traditional societies are characterized by a sense of reciprocity, while modern society is characterized by individualism and isolation. He argues that reciprocity is the key to creating a harmonious society, and that traditional societies have a more global perspective than modern society.