The longitudinal-transverse and lateral anatomical axes of the brain: Their interrelations and impact on emotional functioning
1. Introduction
Mental retardation is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. It is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills. Individuals with mental retardation often have difficulty with expressive language, social skills, and fine and gross motor coordination. They may also display unusual behaviors and thinking patterns, including repetitive behaviors and Resistance to change. Mental retardation can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic conditions, prenatal exposure to toxins or infections, birth complications, and brain injury or abnormalities.
Brain aging is another common condition that can lead to changes in emotion and excitement. As people age, they may experience more difficulty with memory, attention, and executive functioning. They may also have changes in their sleep patterns and energy levels, and may become more easily irritable or anxious. Nonverbal learning disabilities can also impact emotional functioning. Individuals with this type of disability often have difficulty understanding or expressing emotions nonverbally, such as through facial expressions or body language. They may also have trouble reading other people’s emotions, which can make social interactions challenging.
2. The longitudinal-transverse axis of the brain
The longitudinal-transverse (LT) axis of the brain is associated with emotion and excitement. This axis runs from front to back, passing through the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus. These structures are all involved in regulating emotional responses. The LT axis is also involved in memory and attention processes.Damage to any of these structures can lead to changes in emotional functioning.
3. The lateral anatomical axis of the brain
The lateral anatomical (LA) axis of the brain is also associated with emotion and excitement. This axis runs from side to side, passing through the insula, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe. These structures are all involved in processing information about the environment and generating appropriate responses. The LA axis is also involved in executive functioning, which includes planning and decision-making abilities.Damage to any of these structures can lead to changes in emotional functioning.
4. Interrelations between the two axes of the brain
The LT and LA axes of the brain are interrelated in their functioning. For example, the amygdala is located on the LT axis but is also connected to the frontal lobe on the LA axis. This connection allows for communication between these two important emotional processing regions of the brain. Similarly, the hippocampus is located on the LT axis but is also connected to the temporal lobe on the LA axis. This connection allows for information to be passed between these two important memory regions of the brain. Damage to any structure on one axis can therefore impact functioning on the other axis as well.
5. Conclusion
The longitudinal-transverse and lateral anatomical axes of the brain are both associated with emotion and excitement. These axes of the brain are interrelated in their functioning, and damage to any structure on one axis can impact functioning on the other axis.